The Offerman Water Tank

I came across two listings in the Real Estate Record which state that Atlas Iron built a water tank for the Offerman Building in Brooklyn, around the time of its completion in 1893.

This tank intrigued me.  The building was commissioned and owned by Henry Offerman.  At first it was referred to as the Wechsler Building, because it housed clothiers S. Wechsler and Brother (who later moved to one of the storefronts at 532-540 Fulton St.).  The building still stands at 503-513 Fulton Street, and it still has a large water tank on its roof.  As always, I wanted to know more.  I also wondered - knowing this was highly unlikely - whether the current tank could possibly be the same one that Atlas Iron put in place.

After searching for as many details and photos as I could, and then visiting the building to see the tank in person, I'm convinced that it can't be the same one.  However, it seems that a tank of similar size has always been in that spot on the roof.  A photo from 1930 and a photo from 1941 both show tanks which match the one standing there today.  A tax map from around 2003 actually shows two tanks, one in that spot marked "20,000 gal" while the other was a smaller tank at the center of the building's Duffield Street facade (since removed).  I'm inclined to think that the larger tank is the one which Atlas Iron built, but I can't even be sure of that.

While researching this, I learned that there are only three companies in the city which work on water tanks today.  Most are made of wood, but steel is occasionally used (and is then encased in wood to help keep the tank cool).  I contacted all three companies to see if they had any records of working on this tank, and only one responded to say that they didn't.

In the end, this tank interested me because it was something new and different from the other things that I've been researching. 


Side note: I've recently added a few more details to some of my other posts about Atlas Iron's projects.  Check for my additions as comments on the Morris Building, 532-540 Fulton St. and the Brooklyn Post Office Annex.


Sources:
Real Estate Record and Builder's Guide, 31 Dec 1892, p894; 4 March 1893, p348.
Landmarks Preservation Commission designation listing for the Offerman Building.
"The Other Downtown", New York Times, 22 Nov 2013.

Smith & Gray's or the Building Next Door?

I discovered another of the buildings that Atlas Iron worked on, not by accident but thanks to an accident which happened on an unnamed work site.  The process of researching this one has taken some unusual twists and turns.

In autumn of 1892, a new building was going up in Brooklyn.  The cellar was still open and Atlas Iron had just about completed the iron framework for the first floor.  Some of their men were moving a derrick and knocked over a pile of bricks... which fell into the cellar where one or several of the bricks struck a worker named Thomas Reilly.  He took Atlas Iron to court over the incident.  While the nature of his injuries aren't specified in the records, they were referred to as being very serious.  In June of 1895, a jury awarded Mr. Reilly $5000 in damages (half of what he sought; the amount translates to roughly $150,000 today).  Atlas Iron filed several appeals, but the original judgement was always upheld.

I learned about this court case several months ago.  What I wanted to know was where the accident took place.  No street name or even neighborhood was given for the building site.  The court records include testimony from a witness who said the building was "about 100 feet square," and clearly describes it as "next to Smith & Gray's."  A newspaper article said that the accident happened while Atlas was "putting up the iron skeleton work in Smith & Gray's big building in November, 1892."  So... which building were they working on?  (I suppose they could have even worked on both, but have operated on the premise that it was just one.)

To complicate matters, Smith, Gray & Company owned half a dozen buildings in Brooklyn.  Without further clues to guide my search, I was stumped for a long while.  I was inclined to trust the court record over the newspaper article, but I didn't know which buildings to look at.  I recently decided to try and solve the mystery.

I started by searching again for details on the court case, and came across a new record with three key pieces of information.  First, Thomas Reilly was employed by a T. J. or P. J. Castin & Co, though searches on these names turned up nothing other than references back to this same trial.  Second, the date of the accident was given as the 15th of September 1892.  Finally, the building site was described as being on Fulton Street.  This narrowed things down considerably, to one of Smith & Gray's buildings and its neighbors.

Smith, Gray & Company produced ready-made clothes for boys and children, and they were highly successful.  In 1888 they had an eight story building constructed on the irregular corner of Nevins St., Flatbush Ave. and Fulton St. in Brooklyn's downtown shopping district.  This building had a tower with a prominent clock - a local landmark.

On the 28th of February 1892, a major fire broke out which destroyed this building and damaged several others around it.  The clock tower split... half of it falling on three adjacent buildings on Fulton Street and the other half damaging the elevated railroad tracks which ran along Flatbush Avenue.  The total damage from the fire was estimated at around $750,000.

This sketch is from the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 29 February 1892.

Armed with this information, I searched the Real Estate Record's listings of building projects in Brooklyn during 1892.  By early August of that year, plans were filed to construct a new Smith & Gray building - ten stories tall - on that corner lot.  When I reached the listings for September, I thought that I wouldn't find anything else (recall that the accident was said to take place on the 15th of September).  However, I continued on and found the answer.

By mid-September, plans had been filed for a new building at numbers 532-540 Fulton Street, just next door to Smith & Gray's.  This site was owned by the estate of the late John D. Cocks and the contractors were... P. J. Carlin & Co.  This is where everything clicked together for me.  I can easily see how a handwritten Carlin in the court record could be mistakenly transcribed as Castin, and this backs up the testimony that the accident happened at a work site adjacent to Smith & Gray's.

What's more, Google Street View shows both of the buildings still in place, though they have both suffered over the years.

Smith & Gray's new building only climbed three stories rather than the intended ten.  At some point, a seventeen story clock tower was added on the Nevins Street side, again standing as a local landmark.  In 1941, the tower was damaged by a fire in the adjacent building on Nevins Street.  It was declared unsafe and cut down to seven stories, which is how it stands today.

The Flatbush Ave. facade of the old Smith & Gray Building.  #532-540 Fulton St. is barely visible to the right.  Photo courtesy of Google.

Meanwhile, I've gathered quite a bit of information about 532-540 Fulton Street.  It seems that John Cocks purchased those five lots before the Civil War for $800 apiece.  At the end of 1891, a row of four-story brick buildings stood there.  Plans were well under way to replace them with a new building encompassing all five addresses.  The Brooklyn Daily Eagle gave a lengthy description of the project.  It was hoped to be an attractive six-story building in granite and terra cotta.  An unnamed, "large New York furniture firm" was expected to occupy the new building, though the contracts were not final.  The architects were Ross & Marvin.  Work was expected to begin in the spring.

The five buildings were still occupied at the time of the fire, and at least three of them were heavily damaged.  The construction plans were changed.  By the time they were filed again, A. W. Ross was listed alone as the architect.  I presume this is the same Ross, but haven't found any other details about him or his erstwhile partner.  The plans filed by September called for a three-story brick and terra cotta building with a tin roof and iron cornice.  After the unfortunate accident involving Mr. Reilly, the building was completed and opened for business by the spring of 1893.

The first tenants to move in were indeed a furniture and carpet firm: Murray, Conway & Company.  The building was divided into three storefronts at first.  Some of the other businesses there over the next two decades were clothiers, a lamp store, and piano stores.  A Woolworth's five-and-dime store opened in one storefront in 1895, and by 1911 had expanded to take up all five storefronts.  They remained there until the early 1940s. 

The Rosemont Dance Hall opened on the second floor, probably in the 1920s, and the third floor was rented out as storage space.  Fire struck once again on the 19th of February 1942.  This one started in the dance hall and spread up through the third floor - which the Eagle declared "destroyed" - and the roof (the Eagle even had a photo of this fire).  The ground floor and adjacent buildings were damaged by water and smoke, but not by flames.  Damage from this fire was estimated at $250,000.

While I have not found evidence to back this up, I believe the building's third story was removed after that fire.  By September of that year, the Nevins Bowling Center opened on the second floor, boasting 20 "alleys."

Since the building was still standing, I decided to visit.  I wanted to get a closer look and take photos (which I intended to include in this post).   However, when I made the trek to Brooklyn this past weekend I was in for a surprise... the building has been torn down!  Only an empty lot remains there at the moment.  It seems the building was razed just last December, and plans have been filed to put a 19-story retail and office building on the site.  Therefore, here's a photo from Google Street View which shows the building in September 2014.

#532-540 Fulton St.  Photo courtesy of Google.

Sources:
New York State Reporter, v64, p332.
New York Supplement, v38, p485.
Real Estate Record and Builder's Guide, 26 Dec 1891, p828; 6 Aug 1892, p195; 17 Sept 1892, p367; 22 June 1895, p1057.
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 15 Dec 1891, p6; 29 Feb 1892, p4 and 6; 14 Aug 1941, p2; 19 Feb 1942, p1. 
The Sun (New York), 14 June 1895, p5.
The New York Times, 20 Feb 2005.
Smith, Gray & Company Building Designation Report, Landmarks Preservation Commission, 2005. This is primarily about Smith & Gray's first building, on Broadway in Williamsburg.  It also gives good details of their company history and other buildings.
Brownstoner blog: 532-540 Fulton Street and 2-4 Nevins Street (Smith & Gray's building).  These two posts have additional photos.

An Armory Drill Hall Roof

In writing about our family history, my great-great-grandfather Frederick Williams gave several details about his mother's cousin, Frank Harrison.  Frank was Atlas Iron's Secretary and Superintendent and a "genius as an engineer."  One noteworthy tale which Fred preserved was this:

"He also devised great roof construction for the drill hall of a N.Y. Armory spanning an entire city block.  The engineers said it could not be done, so it was quite an accomplishment for our company as the newspapers told the story."

This anecdote, more than anything else, is what prompted me to look into the history of Atlas Iron.  It conjures a notion of great achievements in building... and it omits the most important piece of information.  Which armory did they actually work on?

After a few months of doing research on the company, I found a single mention in a newspaper article which seemed to provide the answer.  It stated that they worked on the Ninth Regiment Armory, which was built between 1894 and 1896, on West 14th Street.

The Ninth Regiment (today the 244th Air Defense Artillery Regiment) can trace its history back to the War of 1812.  They served in the Civil War as the 83rd New York Volunteers.  Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, they rented quarters on West 26th Street above a stable and carriage house.  After the founding of New York City's Armory Board in 1884, the regiment (like many others) began petitioning for a new home.  They would be one of the last regiments of the time to actually receive a new armory.

After a long, slow process, a site was chosen on 14th Street.  It was in the middle of the block between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and it ran through to 15th Street.  The Twenty-Second Regiment's armory which occupied most of this site was razed to make way for the new building.  The Twenty-Second had moved to their brand new armory at Broadway and 67th Street in 1892.

A design competition was held, and the plans entered by the architecture firm of William A. Cable and Edward A. Sargent were chosen.  This fact is what makes me fairly confident that Atlas Iron did work on the Ninth Regiment Armory.  William Cable had previously been the partner of William H. W. Youngs, father of one of the founders of Atlas, and Atlas Iron worked on several Youngs & Cable projects.

So, what about the impressive drill hall?  Sources vary on the exact dimensions, but it was roughly 220 feet long and 185 feet wide (around 41,000 square feet).  The center of the arches stood around 64 feet tall.  This was not unprecedented.  The famous Seventh Regiment Armory, completed over a decade before, has a 55,000 square foot drill hall.  Several other armories which were built in and around the city prior to 1894 had similarly large drill halls.  I find it hard to believe that engineers would have declared it an impossible feat at that time.  Perhaps Fred, who was writing about this in the 1940s, conflated his recollections of Atlas Iron's work and press coverage of the groundbreaking Seventh Regiment Armory.  This is not to say that the Ninth Regiment's armory and drill hall did not also deserve - and receive - plenty of praise.

The Ninth Regiment had one of the smallest building plots for an armory in the city at the time, just over an acre (one newspaper said it covered 46,000 square feet).  To maximize space for the drill hall on that site, two levels of rooms were suspended between the giant steel trusses, one stacked on top of the other.  A skylight was built into the roof.

The armory was completed at the end of the summer of 1896.  In addition to military drills, the space was used for civic events; concerts, exhibitions, bicycling, indoor baseball games and other sporting events were all held there.  The building stood until 1969, when it was torn down to make way for the Forty-Second Division's new headquarters.


Sources:
Souvenir - Opening of the Armory - Ninth Regiment, N.G., N.Y. (22 Feb 1897).
The Armory Board, 1884-1911 (1912, New York City Armory Board).
Proceedings of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund of the City of New York (1894-96).
The Sun (New York), 7 Oct 1894 and 4 Sept 1895.
New-York Tribune, 28 Feb 1894 and 8 April 1896.
Family papers.
New York's Historic Armories: An Illustrated History, by Nancy L. Todd (2006).  This is an excellent book, if you're interested in learning more about arsenals and armories throughout New York City and State.
America's Armories: Architecture, Society, and Public Order by Robert M. Fogelson (1989).
Daytonian in Manhattan: "The Lost 1895 9th Regiment Armory - 125 West 14th Street".
Exterior photo from Library of Congress (and posted on Daytonian in Manhattan).
Drill hall photo from New York State Military Museum (and included in Todd's book).

Aldrich Court in World War I

I am often amused and amazed by the connections that crop up during my research.

In the book I'm currently reading about World War I - The Last of the Doughboys - I have just come across a reference to 45 Broadway in New York City.  That same address featured heavily in my post just last week as the location of the offices of Union Iron Works and Youngs & Cable.

Apparently, that same building was a center for German espionage and sabotage efforts during the war.  How did that come about?  In 1905, it was purchased by Germany's Hamburg-American steamship line and was renamed from Aldrich Court to the Hamburg-American Building.  It housed some German government offices, including those of Heinrich Albert who was suspected of organizing sabotage efforts on American soil.  The best known of those was the destruction of a munitions depot on Black Tom Island in New York Harbor in July 1916 (a fascinating tale on its own).  The building was seized by the U.S. government in November 1917, seven months after the U.S. entered the war.


Sources:
Richard Rubin, The Last of the Doughboys, Mariner Books 2014.
The New York Times, 29 Oct 1905 and 9 Nov 1917.

Union Iron Works and the Columbia Building

Don't worry, I haven't forgotten which company I'm researching here.  Please bear with me for a minute...

I got curious about how the founders of Atlas Iron might have met and decided to work together.  As a reminder, the four gentlemen in question are Henry Williams, Philip Raqué, Frank Harrison and Frederick Youngs. 

Frank Harrison was the cousin of Henry Williams' first wife, Mary Harrison.  Mary passed away in 1878.  By 1889, Henry and Frank both lived in Brooklyn so it's reasonable to imagine them being in contact with each other.

I did some research on all four men to see what else I could learn, and I found a really interesting connection...

Philip Raqué and Frank Harrison were both engineers, and in 1889 and '90 they both worked at a company called Union Iron Works.¹  Founded in early 1889, Union Iron had a factory in Greenpoint and an office at 45 Broadway - a building called Aldrich Court.  The company gained distinction for its involvement in putting up the third skeleton frame building in New York City: the Columbia Building.²

The Columbia was twelve stories tall and stretched from Broadway along Morris Street to Trinity Place (just a few doors down from Aldrich Court - both buildings were owned by the Aldrich estate).  The plot was long but narrow.  As The Sun reported:

To build solid masonry walls in compliance with the laws of the Building Bureau for a structure of that great height would have necessitated walls ten feet in thickness, and thus twenty feet of the ground space would have been required for walls on the basement and first floors, leaving only a little more than nineteen feet of available floor space.

The president of Union Iron Works, P. Minturn Smith, convinced the owner of the Columbia lot that skeleton frame construction would be both safe and economical.  Thus the building went up in 1890-91, with the walls of "the first story measuring only 2.8 feet."³

Skeleton frame construction was slowly adopted in the city over the next several years, and it was a method used regularly by Atlas Iron.  Philip Raqué and Frank Harrison seem to have gained excellent first-hand experience with this practice at Union Iron Works.

The connection doesn't end there, though.  The Columbia building was designed by architects William Youngs and William Cable.  Incidentally, they had designed Aldrich Court and also had their offices there.

William Youngs was the father of our Frederick Youngs.  I haven't been able to find details on Frederick's education or where he was working prior to the founding of Atlas Iron.  It's possible that he worked at his father's firm, where he could have been closely involved with the Columbia building as well, and would have known Philip and Frank.  Even if he didn't work there, he might have known those men and that project.

I wonder if there was any further connection between these men.  Perhaps William Youngs had been a client of Henry Williams during his days as a stock broker, for instance.  Perhaps Henry simply met the other men through his cousin-in-law.  In any case, he could have dropped by at Aldrich Court in 1890 to meet with two if not all three of the men who would join him in forming Atlas Iron, and they would have been working on and discussing the Columbia Building at the time.


Notes:
1. For Philip Raqué: Stevens Indicator, vol. 6, 1889, p161.  For Frank Harrison: Yale University Obituary Record, 1921, p217.
2. "The First 'Skeleton' Building", Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide, 12 Aug 1899, p239.  The first skeleton frame building in the city was the Tower Building, constructed in 1889, designed by Branford Gilbert.  The second was the Lancashire Insurance Co. building, constructed in 1889-90, designed by J. C. Cady & Co.
3. "New Down-town Buildings", The Sun, 19 April 1891, p27.
Photo. Excerpt from "Broadway - Morris Street", 1894, from Irma and Paul Milstein Division of United States History, Local History and Genealogy, The New York Public Library.

The End of an Old Theater

I have been enjoying going through the photo archive at oldnyc.org.  This photo jumped out at me:

It shows the Civic Repertory Theater (also known as the Theatre Francais, the Lyceum and the 14th Street Theatre) as it was being demolished in 1939.  The photo is by Alexander Alland.

For more information about the theater, see Daytonian in Manhattan: The Lost 1866 Theatre Francais. 


Source:
Irma and Paul Milstein Division of United States History, Local History and Genealogy, The New York Public Library. Manhattan: 14th Street (West) - 6th Avenue Retrieved from http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dc-f8d7-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99

The Brooklyn Post Office Annex

I recently came across this photograph, showing the Atlas Iron men putting up an annex for the Brooklyn Post Office.

The Brooklyn Federal Building - which stands today between Johnson St., Cadman Plaza East, Tillary St. and Adams St./Brooklyn Bridge Blvd. - is made up of two structures.  The original, four-story building on the southern end of the block was designed to house Brooklyn's main post office and four courtrooms.  Planning began in 1885, construction started in 1888, the exterior was finished in 1891 and the interior followed in 1892.

By early 1890, it was becoming apparent that the building would not be adequate.  Legislation was introduced in Washington, D.C. by Congressman William C. Wallace in April, to allow a single-story annex to be built on the north side of the building.  The annex would increase the working space of the post office by 5000 square feet.  It would have a "roadway under [the] floor" on the Adams St. side, to serve as a loading dock for mail wagons.  Its basement would house the steam heating and electric lighting machinery for the entire Federal Building - which could not be opened until these were in place.  The bill was passed at the end of September.

Bids were finally taken for the construction of the annex in February 1891.  The winning bid ($64,650) went to Bernard Gallagher, who had been the first contractor on the main building.  It was meant to be completed by the start of May, but there were further delays.  The government claimed that there were property boundary disputes to work out with neighbors, and newspapers claimed that the troubles were really financial: the Billion Dollar Congress having drained the Treasury.

The annex and Federal Building were finally completed and the post office was informally opened on 27 March 1892, under postmaster George J. Collins. 

I have not been able to find a photo of the completed annex, but I did find an insurance map from 1904 which shows the footprint of the buildings on that block in detail.  (In this map excerpt, north is to the right.)

By summer, a new problem presented itself.  The annex had an all-glass roof, and with the sun shining down on the mailing division floor plus boilers working below them to power the main building's elevators, it became a sweatbox.  Shades were finally added to the windows at the end of the summer.  The following May, there was still talk of needing to protect "the eyes of the clerks employed in the annex" from the glaring sun.

The further history of the annex is rather unclear.  The post office and other departments in the building faced increasing demands.  More of the property north of the building may have been purchased in 1899.  I have seen mentions of a new addition built in 1908, but haven't found any specifics on that.

The government purchased the remainder of the block, up to Tillary Street, around 1915.  This held a pair of buildings which had operated together as the Columbia Theater, then briefly as a burlesque house called the Alcazar, and then returned to the name Columbia to present silent films.  The second building served as the theater lobby and also housed a bowling alley and perhaps a bank after that.  The Federal Building's supervising architect James Wetmore was later quoted in the Eagle saying, "we utilized first one building and then the other to provide space for the postoffice, and finally connected them with the main building by a temporary structure."

I haven't been able to determine whether the 1891 Annex, built by Gallagher and Atlas Iron, was replaced by any of this work or simply incorporated into it.  In any case, the entire set of buildings (still referred to as "the annex") was torn down in 1929.  This cleared the way for a seven-story addition, designed by Wetmore and built between 1930 and 1933, which takes up the northern part of the block and stands conjoined with the original Federal Building today.


Sources:
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, especially: 11 Apr 1890, 30 Sept 1890, 14 Oct 1890, 12 Feb 1891, 19 June 1891, 26 June 1891, 13 Sept 1891, 17 July 1892, 17 Aug 1892, 4 May 1894, 7 June 1908, 12 Jan 1913, 23 Oct 1928, 15 Oct 1929.
New York Times: 11 Feb 1891, 28 Mar 1892.
Catalog of the Second Annual Exhibition of the Department of Architecture of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (1893).
Insurance Maps, Borough of Brooklyn, City of New York, Vol. 2 (Sanborn Map Co., 1904).  From The New York Public Library.